Jellyfish
Aequorea forskalea
Australian spotted jellyfish - Phyllorhiza punctata
Barrel Jellyfish - Rhizostoma pulmo
Cigar jellyfish - Olindias phosphorica
Mediterranean Cassiopeia or Fried Egg jellyfish - Cotylorhiza tuberculata
Purple jellyfish - Pelagia noctiluca
Sea raft - Velella velella
The jellyfish is a planktonic animal, marine prevalence, belonging to the phylum Cnidaria, which together with the Ctenophores formed what were once Coelenterates. medusa animale planctonico Cnidari Celenterati jellyfish
It generally represents a stage of the life cycle that concludes after sexual reproduction with the formation of a polyp. Some studies have confirmed that the Turritopsis nutricula jellyfish is potentially immortal because it has been shown to rejuvenate over time until it begins a new life cycle. This rejuvenation process appears to be caused by strong environmental factors that contribute to the organism’s cellular changes.
The largest jellyfish are found among the Cnidari Scyphozoa, the so-called scyphomedusae, primarily the Cyanea capillata, widespread in temperate and arctic climates, which can reach 2.5 m in diameter. The polyp stage is very often reduced, and in the holoplanktonic species Stygiomedusa gigantea and Pelagia noctiluca, it is absent.
Generally represents one stage of the life cycle that ends after the sexual reproduction with the formation of a polyp. Some studies have found that the jellyfish Turritopsis nutricula is potentially immortal because it is shown that, over time, you can always look younger and more until you start a new life cycle. This rejuvenation process appears to be caused by severe environmental factors involved in body’s cellular changes.
The size jellyfish more can be found among the Cnidaria Scyphozoa, the so-called scifomeduse, among which stands the Cyanea capillata Jellyfish, widespread in temperate and arctic climates, which can get to 2.5 m in diameter. The polypoid stage is often reduced and in stygiomedusa gigantea and Pelagia noctiluca, especially oloplanctoniche, is absent.
Cubozoans in the “umbrella-shaped structure” is cubical with tetraradiale symmetry. The box jellyfish, jellyfish common in tropical seas, are small in size, with up to 15 cm (3 meters in extent) of Chironex fleckeri; however they are very dangerous and sometimes even deadly to humans, that has so nicknamed “sea wasp”.
The stadium jellyfish is absent in the cnidarians Anthozoa class and in some species of Hydrozoa, such as the Hydra, including in many cases the prevailing colonial polypoid form, and idromedusa is size and shortened life.
Anatomy and physiology
The general form of a jellyfish is that of an inverted polyp. It can be thought of as a slightly flattened lot, where you recognize a convex upper zone, the esombrella, and a lower concave region, called subombrella, whose center is placed the mouth that plugs into the cavity through a gas- tubular structure called manubrium (handlebar). The margin subombrellare propagate the stinging tentacles for defense and predation.
The jellyfish have the body mainly composed of water (about 98%).
Stinging Capacity The tentacles host the cnidociti, the special cells that function once and they must be regenerated. They have defensive functions, but especially offensive to paralyze their prey. They are activated when you touch thanks to a meccanorecettore said cnidociglio and evert the stinging filaments called cnidae. The cnidae can be of different types, nematocysts or spirocisti, and are linked to specific organelles, called cnidoblasti, which contain a stinging liquid. Generally it cnidae injecting a substance that kills the prey for anaphylactic shock. The stinging liquid has neurotoxic action or emollient, the nature of which may vary depending on the species, but is usually constituted by a mixture of three proteins to synergistic effect. From his studies, the Nobel Prize Charles Richet spotted the three proteins and classified as: ipnotossina, talassina and congestina. The ipnotossina has anesthetic effect, thus paralyzing; the talassina has an allergenic behavior that causes an inflammatory response; the congestina paralyzes the circulatory and respiratory systems.
Rhopalium Some jellyfish classes, including the scifomeduse and the cubozoans, have ropali, a sensory organ with eyes and a statociste. The statociste is a vesicle containing a mineral body said statolite (or statolito), vesicle that gives jellyfish spatial sense of direction The ropalium are much more advanced in box jellyfish jellyfish which include up to six eyes, sensitive to light and a neuropupilla statociste. The structure of the eyes can also be complex, with similar to the crystalline lens. Of all the cnidarians, the cubozoans are the only ones able to swim actively to hunt and avoid obstacles precisely the elaborate visual system of their ropali.
In ropali simpler anatomically, the eyes are replaced by an eyespot that allows the animal to adjust its depth according to the intensity of the light. Reproduction The reproduction of the jellyfish is of a sexual nature, that is by means of gametes that are usually issued in the external environment, where fertilization occurs. In Scifozoi we can distinguish two phases:
- the sexual stage: The female lays eggs in the sea; the green male sperm that fertilize; the zygote is born planula, a larva descends and seabed fixed where he later takes the form of an octopus and is called scifostoma (similar to one sea anemone);
- asexual stage: the scifostoma is divided later in efire, young jellyfish that will become adult.
Natural predators of jellyfish are especially cetaceans, puffers and turtles, which now scarce in the Mediterranean. Some fish, like the “horse mackerel” in our seas, are immune to poison and use the jellyfish as a hiding place from the possible dangers, even used digestive cavity to lay eggs from which will be born small.
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